ADVANTAGES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

What real advantages of international research-and-production cooperation? We will consider an example of the average joint project at parity distribution of financial participation of each of partners (a typical situation for the majority of the West European projects in which two of three leaders of the space industry participate simultaneously, for example France or Great Britain and Germany) and equal volume of national orders (for example, in 200 units that also is a widespread variant for avia- and vertoletostroe-nija).

At an estimation of efficiency of the joint project it is accepted to recognise that the alternative national decision would lead to working out of absolutely identical model at equal volume of the general expenses for research and development. At two partners the economy of each of them will make 50%, three - 67% etc. Actually joint working out of space technics invariably leads to occurrence technologically more perfect, and consequently, and more expensive models. Such factors as the inadequate organisation of works, duplication of researches by firms-partners, increase in quantity occupied in research and development for limits of economically defensible minimum, etc. As a result expenses of each of partners in 1,2-1,5 times exceed settlement affect research and development cost and come nearer, thus, to 80% of probable expenses for working out of national alternative and, probably, to 100% if to take into consideration the technological superiority of international projects.

The Western researchers it is inconsistent estimate economy of expenses on research and development in joint projects, ambiguously interpreting the same facts. As a rule, the estimation orientation depends on a personal position of the author concerning international cooperation. These different interpretations are in some measure shown and at a batch production estimation.

In the example resulted above series doubling leads considerable - we will assume, on 20% - to decrease in the cost price of serial technics (so-called effect ' learning curves', i.e. Reduction of costs by the set size at each doubling of a series). Are simultaneously cut by half and specific expenses for research and development which actually are addition to cost of unit of a batch production. At the same time the inefficiency of an industrial infrastructure, and also inflating of the general expenses on research and development limit useful effect from cooperation. It is necessary to consider and that structures of space firms of the West European countries are optimised for small series in 100-300 units and in this range by efficiency even advance the American model of the organisation of the manufacture, calculated on 800 and more ed, series. At the same time series increase in 2-3 times (to 500-800 units) At performance of the joint project does not promise considerable benefits to the West European businessmen, and the effect learning curves gradually reaches to 0. According to K.Hartli, this effect can make for the West European program of 25% to 100 units, 20% from 100 to 300 and will be equal 0, since 500 units of a batch production. Cost of a unit of production of the joint project, thus, in 1,2-1,5 times can exceed ' ideal '. The Most considerable economy of means is reached at a research and development stage where at the most pessimistic estimations (the over-expenditure in 1,5-1,8 times compared with the national decision) each of partners wins 20-30% of means; at a stage of a batch production of advantage of international cooperation not so are obvious, and decrease in the cost price of a unit of production, probably, does not exceed 10%. It is enough these sizes, that, for example, the program ' the Tornado ' has provided Great Britain economy of means in 0,7-1,56 billion f. The item Within 20 years (in the prices of 1982).

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